![]() ![]() Vedic sacrifices state that the ancient Vedic texts describe four measures of time – savana, solar, lunar and sidereal, as well as twenty seven constellations using Taras (stars). The field of Jyotisha deals with ascertaining time, particularly forecasting auspicious dates and times for Vedic rituals. The Surya Siddhanta is a text on astronomy and time keeping, an idea that appears much earlier as the field of Jyotisha ( Vedanga) of the Vedic period. Some scholars refer to Panca siddhantika as the old Surya Siddhanta and date it to 505 CE. According to Kim Plofker, large portions of the more ancient Sūrya-siddhānta was incorporated into the Panca siddhantika text, and a new version of the Surya Siddhanta was likely revised and composed around 800 CE. One of the evidence for the Surya Siddhanta being a living text is the work of medieval Indian scholar Utpala, who cites and then quotes ten verses from a version of Surya Siddhanta, but these ten verses are not found in any surviving manuscripts of the text. Īccording to John Bowman, the version of the text existed between 350 and 400 CE wherein it referenced sexagesimal fractions and trigonometric functions, but the text was a living document and revised through about the 10th-century. : 50 Most scholars place the surviving version of the text variously from the 4th-century to 5th-century CE, although it is dated to about the 6th-century BCE by Markandaya and Srivastava. In a work called the Pañca-siddhāntikā composed in the sixth century by Varāhamihira, five astronomical treatises are named and summarised: Paulīśa-siddhānta, Romaka-siddhānta, Vasiṣṭha-siddhānta, Sūrya-siddhānta, and Paitāmaha-siddhānta. It includes information about the orbital parameters of the planets, such as the number of revolutions per Mahayuga, the longitudinal changes of the orbits, and also includes supporting evidence and calculation methods. The Surya Siddhanta has the largest number of commentators among all the astronomical texts written in India. The text was translated into Arabic and was influential in medieval Islamic geography. The text was influential on the solar year computations of the luni-solar Hindu calendar. It represents a functional system that made reasonably accurate predictions. The Surya Siddhanta is one of several astronomy-related Hindu texts. The text is known for some of the earliest known discussions of sexagesimal fractions and trigonometric functions. It calculates the Earth's diameter to be 8,000 miles (modern: 7,928 miles), the diameter of the Moon as 2,400 miles (actual ~2,160) and the distance between the Moon and the Earth to be 258,000 miles (now known to vary: 221,500–252,700 miles (356,500–406,700 kilometres). It treats Earth as stationary globe around which Sun orbits, and makes no mention of Uranus, Neptune or Pluto. The text asserts, according to Markanday and Srivatsava, that the Earth is of a spherical shape. ![]() The second verse of the first chapter of the Surya Siddhanta attributes the words to an emissary of the solar deity of Hindu mythology, Surya, as recounted to an asura called Maya at the end of Satya Yuga, the first golden age from Hindu texts, around two million years ago. Īs per al-Biruni, the 11th-century Persian scholar and polymath, a text named the Surya Siddhanta was written by Lātadeva, a student of Aryabhatta I. The Surya Siddhanta text is composed of verses made up of two lines, each broken into two halves, or pãds, of eight syllables each. 800 CE from an earlier text also called the Surya Siddhanta. The text is known from a 15th-century CE palm-leaf manuscript, and several newer manuscripts. The Surya Siddhanta describes rules to calculate the motions of various planets and the moon relative to various constellations, diameters of various planets, and calculates the orbits of various astronomical bodies. 'Sun Treatise') is a Sanskrit treatise in Indian astronomy dated to 4th to 5th century, in fourteen chapters. The Surya Siddhanta ( IAST: Sūrya Siddhānta lit. Sanskrit text on Indian astronomy Verse 1.1 (prayer to Brahman) ![]()
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